21H.151 | Fall 2024 | Undergraduate

# Dynastic China

## What Video Can and Can't Do

Below, Prof. Tristan G. Brown reflects on what’s gained and what’s lost when the classroom experience is recorded on video and published on the internet.

I am genuinely thrilled that the four videos we recorded and published have found a global audience, and I have been deeply touched by the emails I’ve received. But I also want to be honest with that audience: recording lectures is a challenging undertaking, and it is especially challenging in history and the humanities.

In a lecture, I will inevitably say something imprecise, compressing a complicated issue quickly or leaving a detail less carefully qualified than it would be in print. In a room of fifty students, that’s manageable. We correct course together. But with a global audience, the stakes feel different. Some sessions also tackle genuinely sensitive subjects, and the classroom depends on a degree of trust. Students want to ask questions without fear of judgment, and conversations that are perfectly appropriate in context can be taken out of context online.

One semester, a student made an argument that surprised me. Europe pulled ahead of China, she suggested, because of a broader constellation of developments, including the spread of Cristallo glass and the refinement of spectacle lenses. In Venice, high-quality lenses made it possible for scholars to keep reading and working into old age, extending their intellectual lives and compounding knowledge across generations. China, despite having given the world gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and printing, developed different optical traditions and did not incorporate corrective spectacles into scholarly life in quite the same way, at least not on the same scale or with the same institutional consequences. Another student pushed back: that seemed too narrow an explanation for a divergence of that magnitude. He also insisted that China already had some form of lens-based visual aid, including crystal magnifying devices dating back to antiquity. So, a question emerged: what counts as corrective eyeglasses? Who had them, when? And how affordable were they for regular people?

I had never thought about the historical power of eyeglasses. I only recalled that Puyi, the last emperor, had written about this in his memoir. He wanted spectacles because his eyesight was genuinely poor, but there was resistance from the eunuchs and court attendants around him. The concern was partly aesthetic and partly rooted in traditional ideas about the imperial body: the emperor’s physical appearance carried symbolic weight, and there was discomfort about altering it or drawing attention to a perceived imperfection. He eventually got the spectacles.

The debate over glasses that followed was exactly the kind of thing that can only happen in a classroom. People, including myself, threw things at the wall to see what would stick. Some comments were more relevant than others. But a conversation like that requires a degree of security. It was not a public statement, scripted lecture, or a polished argument. People must feel secure enough to say something that might be wrong, half-formed, or surprising even to themselves.

Once such a conversation is placed online, however, it can easily be treated as something else: a set of isolated claims, detached from the exchange that gave them meaning. Out of context, some comments might sound judgmental, even though they weren’t intended that way. That’s what a classroom is, at its best: a laboratory. And laboratories only work under the right conditions.

## Course Info

### Instructor

- Prof. Tristan G. Brown

### Departments

- History

### As Taught In

Fall 2024

### Level

Undergraduate

### Topics

- Humanities
  - History
    - Asian History
    - World History

### Learning Resource Types

This course includes the following types of learning materials.

Activity Assignments
Lecture Videos
Readings
Student Work
Written Assignments
Browse Resources
Browse Resources

The content of this course is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.

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